{"id":27292,"date":"2022-07-28T15:27:29","date_gmt":"2022-07-28T07:27:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/?p=27292"},"modified":"2022-10-26T15:24:31","modified_gmt":"2022-10-26T07:24:31","slug":"nanofab_doe","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/en\/solutions\/nanofabrication\/nanofab_doe\/","title":{"rendered":"Micro and Nano Processing | Introduction to Diffractive Optics"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"27292\" class=\"elementor elementor-27292\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-47682240 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-stretched elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"47682240\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;stretch_section&quot;:&quot;section-stretched&quot;,&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-76b209d7\" data-id=\"76b209d7\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-7c04ff5a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7c04ff5a\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-22c62caa\" data-id=\"22c62caa\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4a1e7ff elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4a1e7ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.21.0 - 20-05-2024 *\/\n.elementor-heading-title{padding:0;margin:0;line-height:1}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title[class*=elementor-size-]>a{color:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-small{font-size:15px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-medium{font-size:19px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-large{font-size:29px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xl{font-size:39px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xxl{font-size:59px}<\/style><h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><b>Micro and Nano Processing | Introduction to Diffractive Optics<\/b><\/h1>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7da2ea30 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7da2ea30\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.21.0 - 20-05-2024 *\/\n.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:#69727d;color:#fff}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap{color:#69727d;border:3px solid;background-color:transparent}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap{margin-top:8px}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap-letter{width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap{float:left;text-align:center;line-height:1;font-size:50px}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap-letter{display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<p>A DiffractiveOpticalElement (DOE) is a special optical component that deflects light to the m level at a precise angle \u03b8m and is expressed by the following equation:<\/p><p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-27296\" src=\"https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/\u56fe\u72471.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"210\" height=\"49\" \/> \u00a0<\/p><p>A ray of light incident at an angle \u03b8i to the grating normal to the grating will diffract into one or more rays with an exit angle of \u03b8dm, \u03b8dm being a function of period \u039b. where ni is the refractive index of the incident medium; nd is the refractive index of the outgoing medium; and m is the diffraction level, which for most applications is m = 1. Other different diffraction levels are given in Figure 1.1, but their diffraction efficiency is not indicated. For lenses, the efficiency of the other diffraction stages is minimized, except for the one you wish to use (usually the m=+1 stage).<\/p><p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-27299\" src=\"https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/\u56fe\u72472-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"527\" height=\"373\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/\u56fe\u72472-1.png 527w, https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/\u56fe\u72472-1-300x212.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 527px) 100vw, 527px\" \/><\/p><p>Figure 1.1 Angle of emergence as a function of grating period, refractive index and diffraction level (some transmission and reflection levels are given in the figure)<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>The period is a parameter for lateral control using lithography and can be specified in the technical requirements down to the nanometer level. For small aberration lenses, this particular control of the lateral position of the period would make DOE a more desirable part. For example, the general application of a lens is to converge light into a spot, and diffractive lenses can be designed and fabricated that can achieve diffraction-limited spot sizes. Figure 1.2 shows an 8th-order focusing lens capable of converging the phase front of a beam of parallel light incident at 2\u03c0-phase intervals to ensure that all of the light diffracted by the DOE is focused on a central point above the DOE at a distance F. The phase front required to focus the parallel beam is easily determined using the ray tracing procedure. The position and distance of each 2\u03c0 discrete phase front corresponds to the period of each point position on the DOE. These values are entered into a CAD program and converted into a series of lithographic templates used in the DOE manufacturing process. The process is more complex, but easy to understand and the technology used is more mature.<\/p><p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-27300\" src=\"https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/\u56fe\u72473-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"555\" height=\"253\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/\u56fe\u72473-1.png 555w, https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/\u56fe\u72473-1-300x137.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 555px) 100vw, 555px\" \/><\/p><p>Figure 1.2 An 8th-order focusing lens (phase-front convergence of collimated beams every 2\u03c0 phases apart to ensure that all beams diffracted by the DOE are incident on a center point above the DOE at a distance F)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1d4818c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1d4818c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>We offer fast<a href=\"https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/en\/nanofabrication\/doe\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>Diffractive Optical Elements (DOE) \/ Micro and Nanostructure Processing Design Services<\/b><\/a>, Feel free to leave a message to inquire.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72d5562d elementor-widget elementor-widget-wpforms\" data-id=\"72d5562d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"wpforms.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wpforms-container wpforms-container-full\" id=\"wpforms-26998\"><form id=\"wpforms-form-26998\" class=\"wpforms-validate wpforms-form wpforms-ajax-form\" data-formid=\"26998\" method=\"post\" enctype=\"multipart\/form-data\" action=\"\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/27292\" 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(NIL) Subcontracting\" tabindex=\"-1\" >\n\t\t\tRead More \"\t\t<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c5b973a elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"3c5b973a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c28bd6c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1c28bd6c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Related 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elementor-grid-item post-26888 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-nanofabrication tag-nanofabrication\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/en\/solutions\/nanofabrication\/wet_cleaning\/\" >\n\t\t\t\tMicro-Nano Processing | Introduction to Wet Cleaning\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__excerpt\">\n\t\t\t<p>\u5fae\u7eb3\u52a0\u5de5 | \u6e7f\u6cd5\u6e05\u6d17\u5904\u7406\u4ecb\u7ecd IC\u5236\u7a0b<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/en\/solutions\/nanofabrication\/wet_cleaning\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Micro-Nano Processing | Introduction to Wet Cleaning\" tabindex=\"-1\" >\n\t\t\tRead More \"\t\t<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5ed4b371 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5ed4b371\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<p class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/en\/insight\/\">More Related...<\/a><\/p>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u5fae\u7eb3\u52a0\u5de5 | \u884d\u5c04\u5149\u5b66\u5143\u4ef6\u4ecb\u7ecd \u884d\u5c04\u5149\u5b66 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center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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