{"id":28895,"date":"2022-11-14T14:17:47","date_gmt":"2022-11-14T06:17:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/?p=28895"},"modified":"2023-06-08T18:21:49","modified_gmt":"2023-06-08T10:21:49","slug":"what-are-metalenses","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/en\/solutions\/what-are-metalenses\/","title":{"rendered":"Introduction to super-surface lenses (metalenses) \u4e28Design principles, applications and processing methods"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"28895\" class=\"elementor elementor-28895\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-52a6c0b0 elementor-section-stretched elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"52a6c0b0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;stretch_section&quot;:&quot;section-stretched&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6f0159fa\" data-id=\"6f0159fa\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d7c932f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d7c932f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.21.0 - 20-05-2024 *\/\n.elementor-heading-title{padding:0;margin:0;line-height:1}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title[class*=elementor-size-]>a{color:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-small{font-size:15px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-medium{font-size:19px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-large{font-size:29px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xl{font-size:39px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xxl{font-size:59px}<\/style><h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Introduction to super-surface lenses (metalenses) \u4e28Design principles, applications and processing methods<\/h1>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-899786f elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"899786f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h4&quot;],&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;numbers&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor-pro - v3.21.0 - 30-04-2024 *\/\n.elementor-widget-table-of-contents .elementor-toc__header-title{color:var(--header-color)}.elementor-widget-table-of-contents.elementor-toc--collapsed 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i{font-size:var(--marker-size,.5em)}.elementor-toc__list-item-text-wrapper:before{font-size:var(--marker-size,1em)}.elementor-toc--content-ellipsis .elementor-toc__list-item-text{white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.elementor-toc__list-items--collapsible>.elementor-toc__list-wrapper>.elementor-toc__list-item>.elementor-toc__list-wrapper{display:none}.elementor-toc__heading-anchor{position:absolute}.elementor-toc__body .elementor-toc__list-item-text{color:var(--item-text-color);-webkit-text-decoration:var(--item-text-decoration);text-decoration:var(--item-text-decoration);transition-duration:var(--item-text-transition-duration)}.elementor-toc__body .elementor-toc__list-item-text:hover{color:var(--item-text-hover-color);-webkit-text-decoration:var(--item-text-hover-decoration);text-decoration:var(--item-text-hover-decoration)}.elementor-toc__body .elementor-toc__list-item-text.elementor-item-active{color:var(--item-text-active-color);-webkit-text-decoration:var(--item-text-active-decoration);text-decoration:var(--item-text-active-decoration)}ol.elementor-toc__list-wrapper{counter-reset:item}ol.elementor-toc__list-wrapper .elementor-toc__list-item{counter-increment:item}ol.elementor-toc__list-wrapper .elementor-toc__list-item-text-wrapper:before{content:counters(item,\".\") \". \"}<\/style>\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tCatalog\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__899786f\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-chevron-down\"><\/i><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__899786f\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-chevron-up\"><\/i><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__899786f\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<i class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-669564c5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"669564c5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">What is a superlens?<\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4de009bc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4de009bc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.21.0 - 20-05-2024 *\/\n.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:#69727d;color:#fff}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap{color:#69727d;border:3px solid;background-color:transparent}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap{margin-top:8px}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap-letter{width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap{float:left;text-align:center;line-height:1;font-size:50px}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap-letter{display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"DkCJdOrKfoagsNxGJAgcFLL0n4C\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-K2OQdwiYAokAucx6tlecGEounSb\">Superlenses (Metalenses) are also known as superconfiguration lenses. It is a two-dimensional planar lens structure consisting of a super-surface (a planar two-dimensional (2D) lens with sub-wavelength thickness). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/en\/insight\/what-are-metamaterials\/\">Metamaterials<\/a>) made of optical elements that focus light. It is touted as one of the top 10 emerging technologies for 2019.<\/div><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-XCqadw2MQoiwA8xYLoyco79nnFh\">With the advantages of thinner size, lighter weight, lower cost, better imaging, and easier integration, superlenses offer a potential solution for compact and integrated optical systems. And the properties of polarization, phase and amplitude of light can be tuned by adjusting the shape, rotation direction, height and other parameters of the structure.<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e690dda elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5e690dda\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.21.0 - 20-05-2024 *\/\n.elementor-widget-image{text-align:center}.elementor-widget-image a{display:inline-block}.elementor-widget-image a img[src$=\".svg\"]{width:48px}.elementor-widget-image img{vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"819\" src=\"https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/\u8d85\u900f\u955c-1024x819.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-28897\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/\u8d85\u900f\u955c-1024x819.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/\u8d85\u900f\u955c-300x240.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/\u8d85\u900f\u955c-768x614.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/\u8d85\u900f\u955c.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3d7b0f0c elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"3d7b0f0c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.21.0 - 20-05-2024 *\/\n.elementor-column .elementor-spacer-inner{height:var(--spacer-size)}.e-con{--container-widget-width:100%}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-spacer,.e-con>.elementor-widget-spacer{width:var(--container-widget-width,var(--spacer-size));--align-self:var(--container-widget-align-self,initial);--flex-shrink:0}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container,.e-con>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container{height:100%;width:100%}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container>.elementor-spacer,.e-con>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container>.elementor-spacer{height:100%}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container>.elementor-spacer>.elementor-spacer-inner,.e-con>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container>.elementor-spacer>.elementor-spacer-inner{height:var(--container-widget-height,var(--spacer-size))}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-spacer.elementor-widget-empty,.e-con>.elementor-widget-spacer.elementor-widget-empty{position:relative;min-height:22px;min-width:22px}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-spacer.elementor-widget-empty .elementor-widget-empty-icon,.e-con>.elementor-widget-spacer.elementor-widget-empty .elementor-widget-empty-icon{position:absolute;top:0;bottom:0;left:0;right:0;margin:auto;padding:0;width:22px;height:22px}<\/style>\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3addc3e3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3addc3e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The design principle of superlens and phase regulation method<\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-706f63b6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"706f63b6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"UGy9d0v5UoJAVxxcSQFcybhsnwb\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div data-page-id=\"DkCJdOrKfoagsNxGJAgcFLL0n4C\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-WIyydEw4OoKsWUxsn4KcSWp1n0c\">The design principle of the hyperlens is based on two special features of the hypersurface.<strong>Selection of super-surface phase distribution and geometric design of nanoscale structures<\/strong>. Control of the optical wave properties (including phase, amplitude and polarization) can be achieved through the design and fabrication of geometric structures to adjust the profile, position and angle of the subwavelength structures, thus controlling the focusing and imaging characteristics of the superlens.<\/div><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-WIyydEw4OoKsWUxsn4KcSWp1n0c\">\u00a0<\/div><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-ZeyQdiy66oqeSExq8wkcFDKWnhe\">There are three basic phase modulation methods for superlenses.<\/div><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-ZeyQdiy66oqeSExq8wkcFDKWnhe\"><strong>Resonant phase modulation, propagation phase modulation, and geometric phase modulation (also known as PB phase modulation).<\/strong><\/div><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-ZeyQdiy66oqeSExq8wkcFDKWnhe\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/div><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Rsemd4WMuouYqOx2hXjcVIsfnpu\"><ul><li><strong>Resonance phase control<\/strong>It is the phase abrupt change by changing the resonant frequency, which is controlled by the geometry of the nanoscale structure. However, because resonant phase hypersurfaces are usually made of metal materials such as gold, silver, and aluminum, they inevitably cause ohmic losses and make it difficult to achieve high-efficiency optical field modulation. And the super-surface lens made of low-loss dielectric material can effectively solve this problem.<\/li><\/ul><ul><li><strong>Propagation phase<\/strong>is due to the fact that electromagnetic waves produce optical range differences during propagation, and phase modulation can be achieved by using this property. The phase regulation (\u03c6) is regulated by the optical range difference, where the wavelength is \u03bb , the effective refractive index of the medium is n, and the electromagnetic wave propagates at a distance d (the height of the structure) in a uniform medium, where k0=2\u03c0\/\u03bb is the free space wave vector, then the accumulated propagation phase of the electromagnetic wave can be expressed as<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-28909 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/\u4f20\u64ad\u76f8\u4f4d-300x118.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"118\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/\u4f20\u64ad\u76f8\u4f4d-300x118.png 300w, https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/\u4f20\u64ad\u76f8\u4f4d.png 418w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e1c315a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e1c315a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"DkCJdOrKfoagsNxGJAgcFLL0n4C\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-FIMYdUYy2oQcQMxcnQEcX2HmnCf\" style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">When the micro- and nanostructures are highly fixed, they can be adjusted by the shape, size and structural unit period of the micro- and nanostructures. Superlenses designed based on the propagation phase principle are usually composed of isotropic micro- and nanostructures with a high degree of symmetry. Therefore, they are endowed with hyperlens polarization insensitivity, i.e., the phase response of the micro- and nanostructures is independent of the polarization type of the incident light, and are suitable for most application scenarios.<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d65a7e9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d65a7e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"DkCJdOrKfoagsNxGJAgcFLL0n4C\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><ul><li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-RIkydS2qIoWoqQxANmxcT1YBnrc\"><strong>Geometric Phases<\/strong>is an artificial control of phase gradients or distributions by adjusting the rotation angle of micro and nano structures with the same dimensions to achieve abrupt phase changes of optical waves, thus greatly reducing the complexity of designing and processing hypersurfaces. The advantage of geometric phase modulation is that it is not affected by material dispersion, structure size, and structural resonance.<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-R6kAdaKwSoAMiMx2BWWcB0Ffnwh\">\u00a0<\/div><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-L0Y2dsaKyo44WWxb63mcFTxsnDw\" style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">In order to achieve the focusing lens function so that all light rays reach the same focal point, the phase of the planar superlens should satisfy.<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-28899 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/\u4e3a\u4e86\u5b9e\u73b0\u805a\u7126\u900f\u955c\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u4f7f\u6240\u6709\u5149\u7ebf\u8fbe\u5230\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7126\u70b9\uff0c\u5e73\u9762\u8d85\u900f\u955c\u7684\u76f8\u4f4d\u5e94\u8be5\u6ee1\u8db3\uff1a-300x58.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"58\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/\u4e3a\u4e86\u5b9e\u73b0\u805a\u7126\u900f\u955c\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u4f7f\u6240\u6709\u5149\u7ebf\u8fbe\u5230\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7126\u70b9\uff0c\u5e73\u9762\u8d85\u900f\u955c\u7684\u76f8\u4f4d\u5e94\u8be5\u6ee1\u8db3\uff1a-300x58.png 300w, https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/\u4e3a\u4e86\u5b9e\u73b0\u805a\u7126\u900f\u955c\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u4f7f\u6240\u6709\u5149\u7ebf\u8fbe\u5230\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7126\u70b9\uff0c\u5e73\u9762\u8d85\u900f\u955c\u7684\u76f8\u4f4d\u5e94\u8be5\u6ee1\u8db3\uff1a-768x149.png 768w, https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/\u4e3a\u4e86\u5b9e\u73b0\u805a\u7126\u900f\u955c\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u4f7f\u6240\u6709\u5149\u7ebf\u8fbe\u5230\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7126\u70b9\uff0c\u5e73\u9762\u8d85\u900f\u955c\u7684\u76f8\u4f4d\u5e94\u8be5\u6ee1\u8db3\uff1a.png 955w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/div><div><div data-page-id=\"DkCJdOrKfoagsNxGJAgcFLL0n4C\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-SIqUdGMWyowucaxSYuVcq4Z8nPE\" style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">where \u03bb is the wavelength, f is the focal length, and x and y are the spatial coordinates relative to the center of the hyperlens. The phase corresponding to each position can be calculated, and the hyperlens is designed by realizing such a phase distribution through the hypersurface.<\/div><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-SIqUdGMWyowucaxSYuVcq4Z8nPE\" style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-28900 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/\u6676\u80de\u65cb\u8f6c\u89d2-\u03b8-\u5e94\u6ee1\u8db3\u65b9\u7a0b-300x259.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"259\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/\u6676\u80de\u65cb\u8f6c\u89d2-\u03b8-\u5e94\u6ee1\u8db3\u65b9\u7a0b-300x259.png 300w, https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/\u6676\u80de\u65cb\u8f6c\u89d2-\u03b8-\u5e94\u6ee1\u8db3\u65b9\u7a0b.png 450w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/div><div><div data-page-id=\"DkCJdOrKfoagsNxGJAgcFLL0n4C\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Wa6Sd8aQQoaywOxgtoicYJdPn6c\" style=\"padding-left: 40px; text-align: left;\">The cell rotation angle \u03b8 should satisfy the equation<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-28901 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/\u6676\u80de\u65cb\u8f6c\u89d2-\u03b8-\u5e94\u6ee1\u8db3-300x59.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"59\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/\u6676\u80de\u65cb\u8f6c\u89d2-\u03b8-\u5e94\u6ee1\u8db3-300x59.png 300w, https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/\u6676\u80de\u65cb\u8f6c\u89d2-\u03b8-\u5e94\u6ee1\u8db3-1024x202.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/\u6676\u80de\u65cb\u8f6c\u89d2-\u03b8-\u5e94\u6ee1\u8db3-768x151.png 768w, https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/\u6676\u80de\u65cb\u8f6c\u89d2-\u03b8-\u5e94\u6ee1\u8db3.png 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/div><div><div data-page-id=\"DkCJdOrKfoagsNxGJAgcFLL0n4C\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div>\u00a0<\/div><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-K8KudU8I6oQugQxe0KLcvHW1nHb\">The basic phase modulation principles for each of the three superconfiguration surfaces were introduced earlier; however, any phase modulation alone cannot achieve achromatic imaging or full-color imaging. In practical applications, a mixture of two or more principles is usually used to achieve phase modulation when making superlenses.<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7d2963e0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"7d2963e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4a8236ba elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4a8236ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Current Research Status and Applications of Superlens<\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-501dae19 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"501dae19\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"UGy9d0v5UoJAVxxcSQFcybhsnwb\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div data-page-id=\"UGy9d0v5UoJAVxxcSQFcybhsnwb\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div data-page-id=\"DkCJdOrKfoagsNxGJAgcFLL0n4C\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><h2>High numerical aperture (NA) superlenses<\/h2><div>The focusing efficiency of a superlens is critical for imaging and sensing applications. The focusing efficiency of a superlens can be improved by suppressing 1) scattering caused by structures with wavelength-scale dimensions, 2) reflection caused by impedance mismatch, and 3) material absorption caused by material loss. Resonance, geometry, and propagation phase mechanisms can be used to enhance focusing performance.<\/div><div>\u00a0<\/div><div>\u00a0<\/div><div><div data-page-id=\"DkCJdOrKfoagsNxGJAgcFLL0n4C\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><h2>Achromatic Superlens (AML)<\/h2><div><p>As a diffractive optical device, superlenses, like other diffractive lenses, suffer from severe chromatic aberrations of their own. Although these lenses can operate in a wide range of optical wavelengths, the existence of chromatic aberration severely limits the application in optical focusing and imaging. Especially for optical super-resolution planar superconfiguration lenses, there are many challenges to eliminate chromatic aberrations in planar superconfiguration lenses while achieving super-resolution point optical diffusion.<\/p><ul><li><strong>Multi-wavelength achromatic superlenses based on low-loss coupled rectangular dielectric resonators<\/strong><\/li><li><strong style=\"font-size: 16px;\">Broadband achromatic superlenses: building blocks and intensity distribution of different superlenses<\/strong><\/li><li data-page-id=\"DkCJdOrKfoagsNxGJAgcFLL0n4C\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div><strong>Narrow-band achromatic superlens<\/strong><\/div><\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/div><div><div data-page-id=\"DkCJdOrKfoagsNxGJAgcFLL0n4C\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div data-page-id=\"DkCJdOrKfoagsNxGJAgcFLL0n4C\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><h2 class=\"heading-2 ace-line old-record-id-LSs0dCWymoA6AEx7kOvcHLKInyt\">Multifocal Superlens<\/h2><div data-page-id=\"DkCJdOrKfoagsNxGJAgcFLL0n4C\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-DKWodIGqYoQeeQxNVNGcdil1nn3\">A focusing lens with multiple focal points is an important optical element. In multispectral cameras, the use of multiple lenses to achieve multiple points of focus leads to large size, weight and high cost of the equipment. Supersurfaces can effectively solve this problem through specialized designs that can simplify the structure of optical systems with thinness, miniaturization, and high integration.<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-page-id=\"DkCJdOrKfoagsNxGJAgcFLL0n4C\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\u00a0<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d1fc433 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"5d1fc433\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-712a5f70 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"712a5f70\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Superlens processing method<\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b24c3c7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b24c3c7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"865\" src=\"https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/\u8d85\u900f\u955c\u52a0\u5de5\u65b9\u5f0f\u603b\u7ed3-1024x865.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-28923\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/\u8d85\u900f\u955c\u52a0\u5de5\u65b9\u5f0f\u603b\u7ed3-1024x865.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/\u8d85\u900f\u955c\u52a0\u5de5\u65b9\u5f0f\u603b\u7ed3-300x254.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/\u8d85\u900f\u955c\u52a0\u5de5\u65b9\u5f0f\u603b\u7ed3-768x649.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/\u8d85\u900f\u955c\u52a0\u5de5\u65b9\u5f0f\u603b\u7ed3.jpg 1123w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2aa1ab elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a2aa1ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"DkCJdOrKfoagsNxGJAgcFLL0n4C\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><strong style=\"font-style: inherit;\">Based on photolithography<\/strong><br \/><div>Photolithography is a process that combines exposure and etching. A mask with a designed pattern is placed on a substrate coated with photoresist. Under the irradiation of a specific light source, the photoresist is chemically modified. After development and etching, micron- and nanometer-scale graphic layers are formed on the substrate. The photolithography process typically includes substrate processing, substrate coating, rotational photoresist coating, soft drying, exposure, development, hard drying, etching, and testing.<\/div><div>Photolithography has high resolution and allows precise control of the shape and size of the formed pattern. It has a wide range of applications in semiconductor and microelectronics manufacturing, optics, biology, and metamaterials. However, its application is limited by the high cost of equipment, the high requirements of the environment in which it is used, and the limited availability of suitable materials.<\/div><div>\u00a0<\/div><div><div data-page-id=\"DkCJdOrKfoagsNxGJAgcFLL0n4C\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div><strong>Electron beam lithography (EBL)<\/strong><\/div><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-HMIcdsGoWoI46uxGM1McnmqCnef\">Using electron beam, the design pattern is written directly on the resist-covered surface by changing the solubility of the resist. Electron beam lithography is the highest known lithography technology with a resolution of 10nm or less. With the advantages of ultra-high resolution and no lithography mask plate, its disadvantages are: 1, high-precision alignment register engraving to the real 2, low efficiency, difficult to apply large-scale mass production 3, exposure speed is slow. Therefore, this technology is mostly used in the production of optical projection lithography templates, design verification of new lithography technology, experimental research, prototype verification, etc.<\/div><div><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-28902 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/\u7535\u5b50\u675f\u5149\u523b\u8fc7\u7a0b.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1600\" height=\"791\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/\u7535\u5b50\u675f\u5149\u523b\u8fc7\u7a0b.jpg 1600w, https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/\u7535\u5b50\u675f\u5149\u523b\u8fc7\u7a0b-300x148.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/\u7535\u5b50\u675f\u5149\u523b\u8fc7\u7a0b-1024x506.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/\u7535\u5b50\u675f\u5149\u523b\u8fc7\u7a0b-768x380.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/\u7535\u5b50\u675f\u5149\u523b\u8fc7\u7a0b-1536x759.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\" \/><\/div><div>\u00a0<\/div><\/div><\/div><div>\u00a0<\/div><div><div data-page-id=\"DkCJdOrKfoagsNxGJAgcFLL0n4C\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><p><strong>Femtosecond Laser Direct Writing Lithography<\/strong><\/p><div data-page-id=\"DkCJdOrKfoagsNxGJAgcFLL0n4C\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-GiaKd60G2oEgeCxiYbdciY0pnIe\">Femtosecond laser direct writing lithography, also known as two-photon lithography or two-photon polymerization (TPP), refers to the formation of micro\/nanostructures by controlling the movement of the laser focus by focusing the femtosecond laser beam inside the light-sensitive material and initiating a polymerization reaction through a photoinitiator. Femtosecond lasers have<strong>High precision, high flexibility<\/strong>and<strong>True 3D processing<\/strong>With the features such as the ability to fabricate precise 3D microstructures of arbitrary shapes without the need for optical masks, the smallest feature size can now reach 10 nm.<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-28903 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/\u53ef\u89c1\u5149\u8d85\u900f\u955c-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/\u53ef\u89c1\u5149\u8d85\u900f\u955c-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/\u53ef\u89c1\u5149\u8d85\u900f\u955c-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/\u53ef\u89c1\u5149\u8d85\u900f\u955c-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/\u53ef\u89c1\u5149\u8d85\u900f\u955c-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/\u53ef\u89c1\u5149\u8d85\u900f\u955c.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><div data-page-id=\"DkCJdOrKfoagsNxGJAgcFLL0n4C\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Q6QCd66AOoU600xOdudcagFBn2E\" style=\"text-align: center;\">Superlens made with TPP technology<\/div><\/div><\/div><div>\u00a0<\/div><div>\u00a0<\/div><p><span style=\"color: #0064b4;\"><strong>Nanoimprinting technology (in-depth knowledge)<\/strong><\/span><\/p><div data-page-id=\"DkCJdOrKfoagsNxGJAgcFLL0n4C\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-QcQgdaoGaokw4Ux6U8ccRU8cnWg\">Nanoimprintlithography (NIL) is a micro and nano-processing process to produce nanoscale patterns. It is a micro and nano process in which a template with a nanoscale pattern is applied to a polymer substrate in a certain way to replicate the pattern with equal scale embossing.<\/div><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BkEqdcCygoiQ4KxaoNMcctL9nge\">Nanoimprinting is the most common method for processing polymer structures. Having<strong>Low cost, short lead time, high output, high resolution<\/strong>The advantages of the product include<\/div><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-TmQ0dKogmoMicExgZ2TcQEbsn5r\">The main mature and commonly used nanoimprinting technology processes are.<strong>Nano thermal imprinting (T-NIL) technology, UV-curable imprinting (UV-NIL) technology, and micro contact printing (\u03bcCP).<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-28904 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/\u7eb3\u7c73\u538b\u5370.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/\u7eb3\u7c73\u538b\u5370.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/\u7eb3\u7c73\u538b\u5370-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/\u7eb3\u7c73\u538b\u5370-768x576.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/strong><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52a3ed44 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"52a3ed44\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-45932365 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"45932365\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-24aae158 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" 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srcset=\"https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/\u5fae\u900f\u955c\u9635\u5217-300x259.png 300w, https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/\u5fae\u900f\u955c\u9635\u5217-14x12.png 14w, https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/\u5fae\u900f\u955c\u9635\u5217.png 434w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/en\/product\/2pp-two-photon-polymerization\/\" >\n\t\t\t\tHigh-precision two-photon polymerization 3D printing system\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/en\/product\/2pp-two-photon-polymerization\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about High-Precision Two-photon Polymerization 3D Printing System\" tabindex=\"-1\" >\n\t\t\tRead More \"\t\t<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-27615 page type-page status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry category-solutions tag-nanofabrication\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/en\/nanofabrication\/nanofabrication_rfmems\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" >\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"274\" src=\"https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/rfMEMS-300x274.png\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-27622\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/rfMEMS-300x274.png 300w, https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/rfMEMS.png 485w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/en\/nanofabrication\/nanofabrication_rfmems\/\" >\n\t\t\t\trf MEMS Micro-Nano Structure Processing | Switching Array Attenuation Filtering Phase Shifting Resonator\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/en\/nanofabrication\/nanofabrication_rfmems\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about rf MEMS Microstructure Processing | Switch Array Attenuation Filtering Phase Shift Resonators\" tabindex=\"-1\" >\n\t\t\tRead More \"\t\t<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-27555 page type-page status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry category-nanofabrication tag-nanofabrication\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/en\/nanofabrication\/fabrication-coating\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" >\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"228\" src=\"https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/cadence-comparison-\u78c1\u63a7\u6e85\u5c04\u9540\u819c-1-300x228.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-28958\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/cadence-comparison-\u78c1\u63a7\u6e85\u5c04\u9540\u819c-1-300x228.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/cadence-comparison-\u78c1\u63a7\u6e85\u5c04\u9540\u819c-1.jpg 625w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/en\/nanofabrication\/fabrication-coating\/\" >\n\t\t\t\tMicro and Nano Processing - Coating Process\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/en\/nanofabrication\/fabrication-coating\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Micro-Nano Processing - Coating Process\" tabindex=\"-1\" >\n\t\t\tRead More \"\t\t<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2baca632 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"2baca632\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3a1b67c3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3a1b67c3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Related Reading<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6307a795 elementor-grid-1 elementor-posts--thumbnail-none elementor-grid-tablet-2 elementor-grid-mobile-1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-posts\" data-id=\"6307a795\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;classic_columns&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;classic_columns_tablet&quot;:&quot;2&quot;,&quot;classic_columns_mobile&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;classic_row_gap&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:35,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;classic_row_gap_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;classic_row_gap_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"posts.classic\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-posts-container elementor-posts elementor-posts--skin-classic elementor-grid\">\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-27147 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-nanofabrication tag-nanofabrication\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/en\/solutions\/nanofabrication\/nanofabrication_poly\/\" >\n\t\t\t\tMicro and Nano Processing | Polymer Light Emitting Device Fabrication\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__excerpt\">\n\t\t\t<p>Micro and Nano Processing | AIE Polymer Light Emitting Device Fabrication <\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/en\/solutions\/nanofabrication\/nanofabrication_poly\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Nanofabrication | Polymer Light Emitting Device Fabrication\" tabindex=\"-1\" >\n\t\t\tRead More \"\t\t<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-26888 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-nanofabrication tag-nanofabrication\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/en\/solutions\/nanofabrication\/wet_cleaning\/\" >\n\t\t\t\tMicro-Nano Processing | Introduction to Wet Cleaning\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__excerpt\">\n\t\t\t<p>\u5fae\u7eb3\u52a0\u5de5 | \u6e7f\u6cd5\u6e05\u6d17\u5904\u7406\u4ecb\u7ecd IC\u5236\u7a0b<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/en\/solutions\/nanofabrication\/wet_cleaning\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Micro-Nano Processing | Introduction to Wet Cleaning\" tabindex=\"-1\" >\n\t\t\tRead More \"\t\t<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-26967 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-nanofabrication tag-nanofabrication\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/en\/solutions\/nanofabrication\/mems_fabrication_app_02\/\" >\n\t\t\t\tMicro and Nano Processing | For Cellular Arraying\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__excerpt\">\n\t\t\t<p>\u5fae\u7eb3\u52a0\u5de5 | \u7528\u4e8e\u7ec6\u80de\u9635\u5217\u5316 \u7ec6\u80de\u5fae\u9635\u5217<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/en\/solutions\/nanofabrication\/mems_fabrication_app_02\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Nanofabrication | For Cell Arraying\" tabindex=\"-1\" >\n\t\t\tRead More \"\t\t<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-601b67f4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"601b67f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" 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