{"id":29805,"date":"2024-10-28T19:08:32","date_gmt":"2024-10-28T11:08:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/?p=29805"},"modified":"2026-10-14T10:08:35","modified_gmt":"2026-10-14T02:08:35","slug":"2024_nobel_prize","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/en\/insight\/2024_nobel_prize\/","title":{"rendered":"2024 Nobel Prize in Physics."},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"29805\" class=\"elementor elementor-29805\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7dcdbf1 elementor-section-stretched elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7dcdbf1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;stretch_section&quot;:&quot;section-stretched&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-776733c\" data-id=\"776733c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13a99b1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13a99b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.21.0 - 20-05-2024 *\/\n.elementor-heading-title{padding:0;margin:0;line-height:1}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title[class*=elementor-size-]>a{color:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-small{font-size:15px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-medium{font-size:19px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-large{font-size:29px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xl{font-size:39px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xxl{font-size:59px}<\/style><h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">2024 Nobel Prize in Physics Announced<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f7e1c6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7f7e1c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.21.0 - 20-05-2024 *\/\n.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:#69727d;color:#fff}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap{color:#69727d;border:3px solid;background-color:transparent}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap{margin-top:8px}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap-letter{width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap{float:left;text-align:center;line-height:1;font-size:50px}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap-letter{display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<p>The 2024 Nobel Prize in Physics was announced on October 8 at around 5:45 p.m. BST. John J. Hopfield, a scientist at Princeton University in the United States, and Geoffrey E. Hinton, a scientist at the University of Toronto in Canada, were awarded the prize for their \"fundamental discoveries and inventions based on artificial neural networks that enable machine learning.\"<\/p><p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-29809\" src=\"https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/ai.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"992\" height=\"656\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/ai.png 992w, https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/ai-300x198.png 300w, https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/ai-768x508.png 768w, https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/ai-18x12.png 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 992px) 100vw, 992px\" \/><\/p><p>They use physics to train artificial neural networks<\/p><p>Two of this year's Nobel Laureates in Physics used the tools of physics to develop methods that are the basis for today's powerful machine learning.John J. Hopfield created an associative memory that stores and reconstructs patterns of images and other types of data.Geoffrey Hinton invented a method that automatically discovers attributes in the data in order to perform tasks such as recognizing specific elements in an image.<\/p><p>When we talk about artificial intelligence, we usually refer to machine learning using artificial neural networks. This technique was originally inspired by the structure of the brain. In an artificial neural network, the neurons of the brain are represented by nodes with different values. These nodes interact with each other through connections that can be compared to synapses and can be strengthened or weakened. For example, the network is trained by creating stronger connections between nodes that also have high values. This year's winners have been doing important work on artificial neural networks since the 1980s.<\/p><p>John Hopfield invented a network that could use a method to preserve and reconstruct patterns. We can think of the nodes as pixels.The Hopfield network uses physics to describe the properties of a material due to its atomic spin - a property that makes each atom a tiny magnet. The entire network is described in a way that is equivalent to the energies found in spin systems in physics, and is trained by finding connection values between nodes so that the saved image has low energy. When the Hopfield network gets a distorted or incomplete image, it methodically passes through the nodes and updates their values so that the energy of the network decreases. Thus, the network gradually finds the saved image that most resembles the imperfect image it was fed.<\/p><p>Geoffrey Hinton used the Hopfield network as the basis for the new network, which takes a different approach - the Boltzmann machine. It learns to recognize characteristic elements in a given type of data.Hinton used the tools of statistical physics, a systems science made up of many similar elements. The machine is trained by feeding it examples that are likely to occur when it is actually running. A Boltzmann machine can be used to classify images or to create new examples for the type of pattern it was trained on. and Hinton built on this work to help unlock the current explosion in machine learning.<\/p><p>\"The work of the winners is already delivering huge benefits. In physics, we use artificial neural networks in a wide range of areas, for example to develop new materials with specific properties.\" Ellen Moons, chair of the Nobel Committee for Physics, said.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-da82429 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"da82429\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Winners' biographies<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0e94db2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-gallery\" data-id=\"0e94db2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-gallery.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.21.0 - 20-05-2024 *\/\n.elementor-image-gallery .gallery-item{display:inline-block;text-align:center;vertical-align:top;width:100%;max-width:100%;margin:0 auto}.elementor-image-gallery .gallery-item img{margin:0 auto}.elementor-image-gallery .gallery-item .gallery-caption{margin:0}.elementor-image-gallery figure img{display:block}.elementor-image-gallery figure figcaption{width:100%}.gallery-spacing-custom .elementor-image-gallery .gallery-icon{padding:0}@media (min-width:768px){.elementor-image-gallery .gallery-columns-2 .gallery-item{max-width:50%}.elementor-image-gallery .gallery-columns-3 .gallery-item{max-width:33.33%}.elementor-image-gallery .gallery-columns-4 .gallery-item{max-width:25%}.elementor-image-gallery .gallery-columns-5 .gallery-item{max-width:20%}.elementor-image-gallery .gallery-columns-6 .gallery-item{max-width:16.666%}.elementor-image-gallery .gallery-columns-7 .gallery-item{max-width:14.28%}.elementor-image-gallery .gallery-columns-8 .gallery-item{max-width:12.5%}.elementor-image-gallery .gallery-columns-9 .gallery-item{max-width:11.11%}.elementor-image-gallery .gallery-columns-10 .gallery-item{max-width:10%}}@media (min-width:480px) and (max-width:767px){.elementor-image-gallery .gallery.gallery-columns-2 .gallery-item,.elementor-image-gallery .gallery.gallery-columns-3 .gallery-item,.elementor-image-gallery .gallery.gallery-columns-4 .gallery-item,.elementor-image-gallery .gallery.gallery-columns-5 .gallery-item,.elementor-image-gallery .gallery.gallery-columns-6 .gallery-item,.elementor-image-gallery .gallery.gallery-columns-7 .gallery-item,.elementor-image-gallery .gallery.gallery-columns-8 .gallery-item,.elementor-image-gallery .gallery.gallery-columns-9 .gallery-item,.elementor-image-gallery .gallery.gallery-columns-10 .gallery-item{max-width:50%}}@media (max-width:479px){.elementor-image-gallery .gallery.gallery-columns-2 .gallery-item,.elementor-image-gallery .gallery.gallery-columns-3 .gallery-item,.elementor-image-gallery .gallery.gallery-columns-4 .gallery-item,.elementor-image-gallery .gallery.gallery-columns-5 .gallery-item,.elementor-image-gallery .gallery.gallery-columns-6 .gallery-item,.elementor-image-gallery .gallery.gallery-columns-7 .gallery-item,.elementor-image-gallery .gallery.gallery-columns-8 .gallery-item,.elementor-image-gallery .gallery.gallery-columns-9 .gallery-item,.elementor-image-gallery .gallery.gallery-columns-10 .gallery-item{max-width:100%}}<\/style>\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-gallery\">\n\t\t\t<div id='gallery-1' class='gallery galleryid-29805 gallery-columns-2 gallery-size-medium_large'><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"0e94db2\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"John Hopfield\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6Mjk4MDgsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC93d3cuYWNjc2NpY24uY29tXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDI0XC8xMFwvSm9obi1Ib3BmaWVsZC5wbmciLCJzbGlkZXNob3ciOiIwZTk0ZGIyIn0%3D\" href='https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/John-Hopfield.png'><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"508\" src=\"https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/John-Hopfield-768x508.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/John-Hopfield-768x508.png 768w, https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/John-Hopfield-300x198.png 300w, https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/John-Hopfield-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/John-Hopfield.png 992w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"0e94db2\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Geoffrey Hinton\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6Mjk4MDcsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC93d3cuYWNjc2NpY24uY29tXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDI0XC8xMFwvR2VvZmZyZXktSGludG9uLnBuZyIsInNsaWRlc2hvdyI6IjBlOTRkYjIifQ%3D%3D\" href='https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Geoffrey-Hinton.png'><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"508\" src=\"https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Geoffrey-Hinton-768x508.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Geoffrey-Hinton-768x508.png 768w, https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Geoffrey-Hinton-300x198.png 300w, https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Geoffrey-Hinton-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Geoffrey-Hinton.png 992w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-85d5fc9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"85d5fc9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;\">John J. Hopfield was born in 1933 in Chicago, U.S.A. He received his Ph.D. from Cornell University in 1958. He is currently a professor at Princeton University, USA.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Geoffrey E. Hinton was born in 1947 in London, U.K. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Edinburgh, U.K., in 1978. He is currently a professor at the University of Toronto, Canada.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-55508f2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"55508f2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>We offer fast<a href=\"https:\/\/www.accscicn.com\/en\/nanofabrication\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">MEMS device \/ micro and nanostructure processing design services<\/a>, Feel free to leave a message to inquire.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87b186d elementor-widget elementor-widget-wpforms\" data-id=\"87b186d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"wpforms.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wpforms-container wpforms-container-full\" id=\"wpforms-26998\"><form 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